What differentiates observational studies from experimental studies?

Observational studies are characterized by their approach of observing subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation of variables. In contrast, experimental studies involve the deliberate manipulation of one or more independent variables to observe the effects on a dependent variable. This key difference allows researchers conducting experimental studies to establish causal relationships, as they can control conditions and randomize subjects to different groups.

As a result, the ability to manipulate variables in experimental studies is critical for testing hypotheses and evaluating the outcomes of specific interventions. This differentiation is foundational in the field of research methodology, as it influences the types of conclusions that can be drawn from each study design. Observational studies provide valuable insights into correlations and associations but fall short in establishing causality without the intervention element present in experimental studies.