In research studies, what does the term 'bias' refer to?

Bias in research studies refers to systematic errors that can distort the true results or estimates of the study. This could involve any consistent deviation from the truth in results or inferences drawn from the data. Such errors can arise from various sources—such as selection bias, measurement bias, or confounding—all of which can lead to conclusions that are not reflective of reality. Because bias introduces a pattern of distortion in data, it can significantly impact the validity and reliability of the research findings, making it essential for researchers to identify and minimize bias wherever possible in their methodologies. Understanding and recognizing bias is crucial for interpreting research results accurately and ensuring that evidence-based decisions are genuinely based on reliable data.